The first rebellion against the Soviets and the Hive Khanate that was the pawn of the Russians were initiated by the Yamud Turkmen people under the leadership of Cuneyd Khan; however, this rebellion could not end up with success. Cuneyd Khan was forced to leave Turkmenistan in the year of 1927. Pursuant to his departure, Cuneyd Khan continued his struggles for independence in Afghanistan until his death in the year of 1938.

Instead of the General Governorship of Turkestan, Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic that was subject the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was founded. The Uzbek and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was established on the date of 14th October 1924. The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR) covered the Turkmen lands that extended from the coasts of the Caspian Sea towards the region of Merv, Kerki and Cancev that were the Turkmen regions within Bokhara Republic, and the Turkmen regions of Daşhovuz, İlyali, Parsu, Köneurgenç, Mangıt, Ambar-Mamak, Sadavar, Dargan-Ata and some of the parts in Hoceli within the Harezm Republic.

After nearly seven months pursuant to the establishment of Turkmen SSR, Turkmen Communist Party (TCP) was founded on the date of 13th May 1925. The fact that the party of TCP was not entirely under the mandate of Moscow led to the accusation of the party leaders with the blame of nationalism. Numerous Turkmen intellectuals were exiled together with Nedirbay Aykatov who was the Head of Turkmen High Soviet, and Gaygisiz Atabay who was the State President between the years of 1937-38. Batirov who was the First Secretary of the TCP clearly stated that the Turkmen people and the Turkmen villagers and nomads continued their resistance against the adoption of Soviet identity and the collection in the Soviet kolkhozes in the year of 1948. In the years of 1950s, Suhan Babayev who was the First Secretary of the TCP and Nurcemal Burdiyeva who was the Head of the Culture and Ideology Division of the Central Committee and their friends were discharged from the party with the accusation of “the advocacy of Bourgeois nationalism”. The TCP was forced actually to adopt the Russian identity within the surface of Soviet identity and these kinds of activities kept on with a great impetus in the years of 1960s and 1970s. In these years, the administrators such as Muhammednazar Gapurov who was faithful to Moscow and who imposed pressure over the nationalist movements and intellectual environments established dominion as the head of TCP. While there had been nearly 500 mosques in Turkmenistan in the year of 1917; these mosques in the country were closed in the in the period of USSR and the organisation of Islamic ceremonies was prohibited even in the circumcision practices and funeral ceremonies.

Due to the fear from the Russian chauvinism that was totally dominant in the entire USSR since the period of 2nd World War, numerous Turkmen intellectuals and bureaucrats were obliged to give a Russian name to their children as the official name in Turkmenistan SSR. However, each child had a name in Turkmen Turkish language or a name with the Islamic roots that was used within the environment of family and relatives. Pursuant to the declaration of independence in Turkmenistan, the official Russian names were abandoned in an accelerated manner and the Turkmen names or the names with Islamic roots that were used within the families were turned into their official names. The influence of Russian chauvinism had also effected the marriages in the period of Turkmenistan SSR. Due to the reasons such as the swift promotions within the Turkmenistan Communist Party and the bureaucracy of Turkmen SSR and the timely provision of flats in the capital city of Ashkhabad without delay, the Turkmen bureaucrats had preferred to get married with Slav people (Russian, Ukranians, Belorussians, Cossachs, etc.). The number of these people who get married with Slav people or had their children to marry with these people is considerably high that cannot be neglected.

As a result of the Transparency (Glasnost) and Restructuring (Perestroyka) policy of M. Gorbaçov in the year of 1995, the order in the USSR was criticised severely. Pursuant to these critics, it has been observed that the TCP assumed a softer stance and attitude against people without leading to any offence for Moscow government. In this temperate environment, the government of Turkmenistan took a resolution and declared the Turkmen language as the official language of the republic together with Russian language. This resolution is of great significance since it was the first step for the provision of the Turkmen Turkic language as the official language of the state.

Saparmurat Niyazov (Türkmenbaşı) who put mark the years of independence of Turkmenistan was elected as the First Secretary of the Committee of Ashkhabad City between the years of 1980-84, as the Head of the Board of Ministers in the year of 1985 and the First Secretary of the Turkmenistan Communist Party in December in the same year, and as the State President of Turkmenistan SSR on the date of 13th January 1990.