Russian Dominion over Turkish Kazakhs (end of 1628)
The Kazakhs with Turkish origins and the "Kazakh" tribe of Khirghiz people that were confused by the Europeans lived in the vast lands in the northern sections of Turkestan and they expanded towards Yenisey and Obi Rivers. The Russians called them as "Khirghiz-Kazakh" (or Khirghiz-Kaysak) in order to differentiate the Turkish -Kazakhs from the "Khirghiz" people.
Although some of Kazakh led nomadic life, they were also occupied with agriculture. Khirghiz- Kazakh people that had established a great state in the past was divided into four branches in the further periods. Each of these branches was administered by a "khan". There were also small tribes under the domination of each khan. These tribes paid taxes to the khan and these types of tribes were called as "kıştım". Kazakh people showed much greater resistance against the Russians. The Russians had founded the city of Kızılcar (Krasnogorsk) in the Kazakh fields in the upper section of Yenisey River in the year of 1628. Kazakh-Khirghiz people made a counter-attack against this city and they besieged the Russian Kazakhs in Kızılcar.
The Russian-Kazakhs could resist for a long period due to their firearms. The deceit of Tutus that was one of the Khirghiz Bey by the Russian promises determined their destiny; Tutus accepted to give "yasak" (furs) to the Russians. Therefore, the Kazakh-Khirghiz tribe became submissive and it got under the Russian influence. However, most of the Kazakh-Khirghiz tribes that were discontented with these conditions immigrated to the south and to the regions of Yedisu. Those who remained in their former homelands did not give up fighting against the Russians. Irenek, one of the Beys provided the support of Kalmuk people on the banks of Kara Irtish and fought with the Russian invaders.