According to our present knowledge, the Turks first slepping to Iraq reaches the dates of Hicri 54 (M.674) Ubeydullah Bin Ziyad sent to Horasan by Muaviye, Emevi Caliph went towards Buhara by passing the Ceyhun River with his army with 20 000 people. The Buhara prices Hatun I.had to ceasefure after the severe fights with Turkish forces under his power because Ubeydullah the commander passing Beykent had attacked Buhara.In this way, Ubeydullah settled Turkish armies to Basra with him by taking them to Iraq after the peace. The historical sources records that the Turkish soldiers settled in Basra were nearly 2000, and they were good at shooting orrows, and also this quarter were called Buhariyye. It is known that these Turkish achers were benefitted to repress the uprising uof rebellious Arabian Bedeuns in Yername.It is undoubtly write that Reşidü’t-Turki 2 one of 4 Beydullah favourite man in Basra also arose among the Turks settled in Basra.

The Turkish rulers (princes, nobleman, an aristocrats) joining the İslam armies conquering in Horosan and Maveraünnehir had already taken important posts in Emevi period.That the Turks have ability of war and shooting arrows drew the İslam commander’s attention and they get them to their army.In this way the Turks, taught the Arabish, soldiers not knowing the shooting arrows yet, on this issue.

the Yezid bin Ömer bin Hübeyra gave himself up toEbu Cafer-el-Mensur in Vasıt after a couple of months surroundings in Hicri 132 (M.749), he had 2300 Turkish soldiers with him from Buhara.The Horosan Governer Abdullah bin Tahir, sent 2000 Turkish fighters to Iraq every year in the different cities of Turkistan by the Caliphs order.Fazıl bin Yahya El-Bermeki, in the governership of Horosan sent 20 000 Turkish fighters to Iraq for serving in the army of Abbasi in Hicri 138 (M.788).We see that the Turks coming to Iraq became frequent because of some political events took place in Abbasi period and especially while Caliph Memun and Mutasım were in power.The Turks playing an important role in Caliph Memun’s enthroning were settled in Bağdat. Memun, not finding away exept being with the Turks to support the Caliphate against the Şii Arabians, taking sides against Abbasiler brought Turkish troops to Bağdat, the center of Caliphate.

Much more importance was given when Caliph Mutasım was in power while the Turks were taken to Abbasi army.In this way, he qualified Turkish officers coming from Suğd, Fergana, Esruşene, and Taşkent were taken to the Hassa army to the Caliph.Semerra was established by the Turkish commander; Aşnas with the order of Mutasım in Hicri 211 (M.836).So, Semerra, containing 70 000 people, had been the center of Ealiphate for about half century (836-884).That the members and influence of the Turks increased played a leading role in Turkistan’s becoming rapitly Muslim.

The influence of Turkish commenders gradually increased in the army of Calıp hate especially while Mu’tasım, Vasık and Mütevekkil were Caliphs (840-860). Afşın, Aşnas, Büyük Boğa, Küçük Boğa, Vasıf and Hakan, Turkish commanders of this period, handled the state management. Of these commanders, Büyük Boğa, served for another five calips apart from Mutasım, he helped repress the up risings effecting dromatically the state’s security and he was able to fight against the raids on Bizans as a successful commander. Afşın, like this, played an important role in repressing the riots and defeating Bizanslılar in Ankara. The situation of the Turks among Abbasis drew attention of many Arabian poets and historians. It’s expressed that the Turks were especially highly moral and virtuous, they found ten languages and their race, although they learned Arabish and French, they only spoke Turkish because they were very proud of it, they were boasful that they didn’t speak another language, furthermore they adored of bravery, compassion, courage, heroism, in many sources. The caliphs especially took great care with Turkish troops for not losing their great abilities and they let them only mary with Turkish girls. It was also paid attention for customs and tradition of the Turks that they accustomed for such years, not to be damaged.

Mutasım whose mother was Turkish had been with Turkish people since his childhood and he liked Turkish customs and traditions. Because he knew well about the bravery and loyalty of the Turks, he tried to increase the numbers of Turkish troots in attendence on him when he became caliph. Mutasım trying to live with Turkish traditions in his private life, too, has the Hassa troops whose clothes were different and elegant from the others.

So, Semerra had been planned in a way that; it will prevent Turkish people’s mixing up with ethnic matters. This new city where the caliph settled, was organized in such a way that, Turkish tribes being neighbour in their ownland, were settled in some way here , too. It was exposed to view the studies of or historians and a archeologists that no matter, architectural fresco other decaration issues have the Turk’s influence in Semerra establied for the Turks in Abbasi army.

The caliphs were making their victories they won when Turkish warriors fought with Bizanslılar and they were trying to embrace them more. The caliphs took the Turk’s side in conflicts between sır Deylemler and Turkish troots and they had to fullfil the demonds that they wanted it to increase their power.

The Caliph , Muktedir , gave the sovereignty up defacto by giving Munis, Turkish commender administratie power with the “Emrültimera” little in 908. After that the rivalry among Turkish commanders , on the other had the disputes with Şir Deylemler on Emirü’l Ümeralık, the caliphs , intriques to inside these rivalries and disputes started to discredit the Abbasi Empire, and the governers of centre become independence in part by profiting by the disorder.The Caliph Razı , apart from esteening Muhammed bin Raık , the governer of Vasıt in 936 for Emirül-Ümeralk and turning over the state management to him he had to permit the governer’s name to be read with his name in hutbes.

Meanwhile Beckem, Turkish commander escaping from Iran with his troops , applied to the caliph , In bağdat , Emirü’l-Ümera Muhammed bin Raık welcome Beckem’s troops , also like important Turkish commenders; Tozun, Yaruk and Muhammed Yınal were among them , and he took them to his army in Vasıt.Beckem, prometed as the commender of the army he brought with him, attacked Ahvaz governer, Ebu Abdullah el-Beridi rebelled in 936. He defeated Beridi, helped by Büveyhiler twice though, he couldn’t succeed and returned to Vasıt. As we’ve mentioned before, the fights for Emirül-ümerealıt continued and Beckem agreed with Vızır Ebu Ali bin Mukla to overthrow Emirü’l Ümera Raık . When Raık found at that, he imprisoned Vızır Mukla and the Vızır passed away a short time later.

When Raık; trying to please Berıdı, his old enemy some time later , saw Berıdı’s defeat to Beckem, had to take Beckem’s side and all his attemps failed. Following his success, Beckem going to Bağdat on September 936 was oppointed by the caliph in place of Raık. Beckem, first of all attacked Musul to bring under Hamdaniler not daxing and resisted government. Because Raık took advantage of this opportunity and come suddenly to Bağdat with the 2000 persons as their leader, Beckem who had applied ceasefire with Hamdanoğlu Hasan in 938 had to return to Bağdat again. The disagreement between Raıt and beckem was sattied with peace and Harran, Urfa, Kımasrın and Yukarı Fırat region and also boundry castles were given to Raık so Beckem stopping the flights rebtively damaging many important and caliphate centers was just supposed to take some measures against dangers at Büveyhoğulları. So the army sent to Sus by Berids, wasn’t defeated by Mu’izzü’d-devle, the commander of Büveyhiler but Büveyh army attacking on Vasıt occuppied the part of the city with the help of Ruknü’d devle. Meanwhile, Beckem coming for help with his force repelled Büveyhiler and so Ruknü’d devle had to withdrow.

When Beridi intruqued to have all power during the times the new plans and preporations was made to continue the war , he was removed in 940. After that the Caliph Razı passed away and Muttaki replaced with him, maintained Beckem’s Emirü’l-Ümeralık. Beckem sent an army onto Beridi; but the commender was defeated. Following this Backem took action by ordering the army by himself. However, Beridi was certainly defeated in April 941 even Beckem couldn’t catch.

Beckem, serving some important jobs, and his military abilities, and also his other skills mentioned by historians with praise was killed suddenly with a raıd in a war. On behalf of him, Tozun was appointed as Emirü’l Ümera. At that time, Büveyhoğlu Ahmet occupied Ahvaz with the help of his brother. Emirü’l Ümera Tozun, Turkish commander went to war on Büveyhoğlu Ahmet Vasıt in 944, by the time he was fighting with Hamdaniler , following this, tozun applied ceasefire with Hamdaniler went towards Vasıt. The findings about the fight between two armies in July 944 gives different information , on the other hand it’s understood that Ahmet retreated to Ahvaz a short time later.

Though Büveyoğlu Ahmet attempted twice to occupy Vasıt in the middle of March 948, he was driven back again in April. However, Ahmet attacking Vasıt three times, gained the city without, fight as a resulf of the governor’s coming to take his side. Ahmet starting action on Bağdat later, come to pover by coming to the centre and capital of Sunni Islam world in January 945. Moreover, Ahmet appointed as Emrü’l Ümera by Caliph Mustakfi, was given also the title; Mü’izzü’d-devle”. In this way the savereıgnty period that exceeded a century and would end with Tuğrul Bey’s coming to Bağdat in 1055, started.