CLANS AND TRIBES

By the time the emigration of the Oguz, that is Turkmen started in the century, Turkish nations coming to Maveraünnehir from Great Turkish started to spread every where. Some of them came to Horosan firstly, afterwards to Iraqi persia, Azerbaijan turned towards south and reached Musul. They invaded the city by defeating Kırvaş Ukeyli; the king of Musul in Hicri 430 (M.1039). The Turkish emigrations started to become frequently later. Various clans and tribes succeed in getting Huzistan, Zor, Erbil and Musul like each other. Furthermore, they could go forward even the doors of Baghdad. The dynasty of Seljuk taking all the Turks leadership up started to form the base of the worldvide Empire with this big emigration. It is said that almost all Turkish tribes joint Turkish emigrations and conquests started with Seljukian. When Turkmen nations were shared among Seljukian princes, the places of each prince share from the counties to be conquered had been identified. Musul, Azerbaijan and Huzistan were İbrahim Yıval’s in this share.İbrahim Yıval started to send his own nations to the area of his management.İbrahim Yıval handed the whole area in H.440 (M.1048-49) years. After Tuğrul Bey; Sultan of Seljuk went into Baghdad (1055) gave this country to İbrahin Yıval.Officially, Sultan Melikşah divided the large Seljukian lands to 12 districts and Musul was considered as a districts, too. So all Musul area was given Turkish rulers and tribes as a grooming and was stored. Turksih tribes were settled in big cities. When Berkyaruk enthroned for Sultanate, he appointed the famous commander Kerboğa to Musul. Musul which Kerboğa settled all of his troops in, became a Turkish area from that date and it also became the center of a big Turkish district. This district contained important settlement centers such as Süleymaniye, Erbil, Zor and Kerkük of today.Following Kerboğa Turkmen rulers named Sungurca, Turkmen Musa, Çökermiş (or Çökürmüş) and Çavlı were in Musul governership.

We had studied that, Emir Kıfçak (Kıpçak) the son of Turkmen Arslantaş had Şehrizor and its area in 1130’s.I t is known that this family came from Yıva tribe, too. That Arslantaş gave his son the name of Kıpçaklar a famous Turkish tribe led many searchers into error and it caused them to think they were from Kıpçaklar. In fact, thet most famous ruler of Yıvalar was Şihabettin Süleyman Shah. Süleyman Shah, depending to Caliphale too, resisted the besieging of Mongolianjant was martryed following falling off the city.

The Turks, seen in Iraq and El-Cezire were especially dense in Musul. It should not be doubful that Emir called Sungur Al-Bayati, deputy of Ak-Sungur, Al-Buhari one of the important Emirs served in Basra when Sultan Mehmed Tapar and his son Sultan Mahmud were in power came from Bayat, too.

The leader of the İsmalliye Turks was Gız-oğlu and Sungur-Alp was the leader of the Bulduklu Turks , who are prince.Bekçiye emirs was attracting attention at same time . They were probably the guarding emirs of the sultans and big emirs of the city , who were working for protect to palaces, pavilions and barracks.

Again it is necessary to point that the emir , Kür-Yavı, a Turkmen prince who had a comfortable living area at the Musul region. Kür-Yavı , a son of an emir Horasan has the owner of the Bevazic fortress and region , at the time of Sultan Tapar and his son , Sultan Mahmut. As it seems that the same place and region was owned by the son of Kür-Yavi , whose name cannot to be found , at the time of Sultan Mesut . The another Turkmen emir of the country of the richs was Zeynuddin Ali Küçük was Zeynuddin Ali Küçük, who succesfully directed the Musul Atabeylie’s works for along years, was withdrown to Erbil at 1167.Beğtiğin’s son Zeynuddin Ali Küçük’s biggest son is Muzafdereddin Gök-Börü , who became very famous in the history. Selahattin Eyyubi ‘s aunt’s husband Gökbürü , gained his famous with his bravery to the Crusaders and serving his nation a happy and comfort living standarts with opening charitable institutions.

was seen that , this region , the result of setting down of new tribes , had been a host to Turkifying movements during the Mongolion invasion. On the second half of the 13.century , big Mongolion power’s biggest part was the Uyrat tribe which was very crowd Mongalion tribe at Diyarbakır province , whose centre was at Musul. But then , while the Mongalians became weakness and began breaking up , Uyrats , who were having big troubles because of internal competitions , settled down at the region of Erbil. A Turkmen prince who called Mehmet Saru dominated to Şehrizor. As we‘ve seen it before, Şehrizor region was a region which the Turkmen lived as crowd tribes, from conques of Selçuklu . In the year of 1231 , while the coming of Mongalians, a Turkish emir whose name was Şemseddin Sevinç , had inspected to road of Erbil – Hemedan. Şemsettin Sevinç was a member of a tribe whose name was Kışalu . Sevinç , who had very crowd tribes under his obtained the consolidated Rüyin – diz fortress. It should be necessary to remind that a Turkmen tribe, under the command of Mehmet Saru, was known as Sarulu (today’s pronunciation is Sarılı) and this tribe has been alive still our time. Southern frontier of the Artuklu country , Halep and Muslu provinces , has been a region where Turkmen intensively settled. Morever in many source determined that Antakya , Ayıntab , Telbaşer , Suruc and Kerkük area was completely Turkified with their towns and villages. The most intensive Turkifying movement if the history in the zones where Turkish people lived at Iraq at our time coincides the time which Karakoyunlu tribe dominate the region after Celayirlis.In fact Turkmen, which lived Diyarbakır and Musul declared their indepences with successing if the struggle with Mongols. Bayram Hoca, the leader of the Turkish Karakoyunlu state , layed the fondation of Karakoyunlu government with restraining the Musul province at 1375. In this period, Musul region and the region from there to Baghdad, was conqured by the Karakoyunlu princes and they had been lived a Turkifying movement whose effects have remained to this time. Today, Karakoyunlu villages and the tribes names which traces these villages effects and also very places names are very interesting.

Because of teh Akkoyunlus removed the Karakoyunlu state, the Turkmen tribes, which lived this region, have lived very big troubles. With the failing down the Karakoyunlu state , trabes which were members of this state , had been forced to withdrawn to Iran , to escape the Akkoyunlus pursuit. Akkoyunlus have been based on principal Pürnek and Musullu tribes .These two important tribe were being followed by the smaller tribes like Hamza-Hacılu, KaraHacılu , Emirlu , İzzeddin-Hacılu. So , the tribe’s nation , who became an opposite at the competition among the Karakoyunlu or Akkoyunlu tribes like Ustaclu , Şamlu , Rumlu , Musullu , Harbendelü , Tekeli , Bayburtlu , Çapanlu , Karadağlı , Karamanlı , Dulkadir , Varsak , Afşar , Bayat and Kaçar and Akkoyunlu princes , Şeyh Haydar and his son Ali finally realized a new attack again , with religious emotions which was supported by Şah İsmail . In the Safevi period , Pürnek and Musullus remained their existence with incorporeted together in the name of Turkmen. Shah İsmail conbined religional sheikhness position and sultanate in his individuality with causing to escape Elvend Bey from Tebriz at 1503 and a few time later, in the year 1508, he dominated the Şii sect again in the Iraq with caughting the Baghdad. But the grudge and hateness Şah İsmail had for Akkoyunlus, caused to take refuge in Ottoman of the some of Akkoyunlu tribes.

After the Ottoman conquered this region, it is possible to deserving the orderly settled Turkmen tribes. At the Turkish-Iran Wars, Elvend-zade Ali Pacha and Cağalazade Sinan Pacha’s commaned Kerkük forces, also joined Hemedan and Nihavend wars.The result of Tekeli Veli Han and his son Gazi Han with every of their tribes taking refuge to Ottoman Empire, these Turkmen tribes was settled down throught the Kerkük and son Kerkük, become like a Tekeli province.Because of the region become a competition matter between Ottoman Empire and Iran, many Turkmen tribe was settled down through the region between Musul and Baghdad.

Especially with the military expedition of IV.Murad to Baghdad, which put the Iran domination to end, again Turkish tribes was sent to this region. n this period, region’s Turkish nation was strengtened owing to Turkmen tribes sent from Rumeli, Afyon, Diyarbakır and Tokat region.Thus, Ottoman Empire took precautions, with settling down the new Turkish nation on the big security strip which start from Telafer and Musul, todays Iraq’s northwest, to Mendeli, which the Turkish nations region and extreme settling of southeast, to guarantee the very important state like Baghdad. These precautions get tihs region’s Turkifying survive to our time.

The Turkish nation and force became very strenghten as a small christan colony who lived in Kerkük began to speak Turkish and writing Turkish with Süryane alphabet, like Anatolian Ermenians and Greeks.Approxitimately, 5000 number of these people, because of generalle lived at the fortresses of the town, they named like ‘’Fortress Non-Muslems’’ and they are member of Catholik secht. This nation which use Turkish language in their tradition and usages, rituals, bibles, speak and writings, has a completely Turkish culture building. Before part of this tribe, which has a very important place in the Kerkük folklore, at this time, moved outside the castles and emigrated to town’s Konya shore and other places.